hello everyone and welcome to thistutorial we're going to start getting to the basics of electronics now for thisfirst video what we're going to do gonna and have try and have a basicunderstanding of electricity and how electricity works and the basiccomponents of electricity now i'm going to start off with a littlebit of history a little bit of science and also just give you a few basicanalogies to understand the different types of electricity ie ac and dc so i'mgoing to talk through these just to start getting planted a few seeds inyour head before we get down to some of the theory we're going to do a verybasic theory on some paperwork and with
some practical examples as well to show share your few bits and pieces now idon't want you to get too caught up i'll see on the history is therefore interestand the science side of it again it's just good to have a little bit ofbackground but basically will get down to the fundamentals when we startlooking at the bits of paper basically electricity was discovered a long timeago now it was discovered apparent key many manyyears bc in fact in the form people started seeing electricity in the formof static electricity or in fact even they started realizing with things likesoup catfish and what happy when they
touched them they've got a shock throughtheir bodies so that's when the notion of electricityapparently started coming about static electricity obviously when certain objects withcharge that and reacted that kind of led to describe you on electricity andstatic electricity and what have you and the first real work on electricity andcalculations and theorizing came around in the sixteen and seventeen hundredsand kind of the more practical applications of electricity startedhappening in the 18 ribs so as an example let's say thepractical like electrification of houses
because of the invent the invention ofthe incandescent light bulb came around the eighteen eighties in fact in 1881 apparently this was newsto me cycle it was america first but believeit or not in sorry in the uk believe or not that's where iwas born and there was the first central power station which provided electricityto a little village a little village had a vote because at that point in timethey were running on gas power the gas power wasn't economical so they decidedto implement this new thing called electricity and they did implement thatfirst power station but apparently it
wasn't very economical so actuallyreverted back to guess but the main the kind of main power station to comeonline and start feeding streetlights and houses happened in the states in newyork and if that was in eighteen eighty to say year later and that was theessence pull street station and they started offwith using dc so direct current and they only later switch to ac now so let'sjust talk a little bit about ac and dc now basically once again once we getdown to the piece of paper i'll start explaining this but dc direct current iselectricity just flying in one direction constantly while ac is basicallyelectricity in a conductor game
backwards and forwards pushing backwardsand forwards almost like a piston on a steam engine backwards and forwards andbecause of that reason there's far less effort involved pushing something backand forwards then constantly trying to push in one direction another analogy to give you anunderstanding of jc vs dc if you picture someone sewing a log you've got a saw and you're pushing itback and forth you push it you've got to pause you pullit back you've got a pause you push it you go to pause so there is this pauseand that is a creation of a sinus
hallway where electricity goes aftercertain value comes down to zero . and then goes negative and then comes backagain i'm going to demonstrate this on a little scope as well we'll look at themains electricity whereas if you can picture that sameperson are having a circular saw with a handle that they're having to crankaround at constant pace constant pace your arms going to get a lot more tireddoing that then had that sword that's going back and forth where you've got apause but if you picture the saw blade on the log whether you cranking a handle round onthat circular saw
or you've got that saw blade coming backand forth it's still doing having the same resulton the wood isn't doing the same that'll work and catching through the woodwhether using and ac or dc to constantly cut on there so i just want to planttheir season you're at the moment now to get down to the science and and again icertainly don't get bogged down in 22 minutes scientific stuff or evenformulas at this point in time that's going to come in due course when westart working get down to working with components andputting circuits together that in essence electricity is a flow ofelectrons through a conductor
now we're going to be using fluiddynamics of fluid mechanics to explain this because it is a very fluidmechanics and dynamics of i've got a very good correlation to the wayelectricity works but in a conductor and metallic conduct or something that canconduct electricity you've got atoms and electrons in there and basically it isthe flow of electrons from negative to positive that provide at a current potential or electricity now so that is the converse of what wegenerally work in where conventional electricity we think safe flows frompositive to negative so don't you get
confused i just want you to understandthe science behind it in fact that electrons flow fromnegative to positive that's the sign side of it but for all intents andpurposes what people use day today and what we'llbe using an explanation is conventional electricity flow which is from positiveto negative in terms of direct current obviously as you'll see with alternatingcurrent it's a change it's actually going back and forth and cycling in twodirections ok so let's get stuck down have a lookat the piece of paper and i've got there ok so let me explain this diagram that ihave here then and we'll start going
through the individual components of itbubba to have an understanding what it all means so basically this in essence is a bigwater pipe this big round circle rectangle over here this over here is a pump a water pumpover here we have a valve which can be closed all open to allow water throughover here is a paddle or basically in essence and appliance in this case it'sa paddle driving a shaft into a mill well let's pretend that basically wemilling or grinding flour or wheat into flour then we've got over here outgauges are pressure gauge is telling us
the pressure of the water in the pipe asyou might literally in a in a pipe system and then over here there's a paddlewhich basically is measuring the flow of water in the pipe and displaying it it'sspinning around and it's displaying in essence like if you like on a revcounter on a meter over here right so let's first we'll start withoutour pump now over here you'll notice we if youlike this to an electrical circuit the pump over here is in essence our powersource naive note see here i've got power source and inverted commas becauseultimately again if we talk about the
science of electrons do you can't reallycreate or destroy energy so it's not a source per se but it is the piece thatactually generates the flow of energy in our circuit so i recorded the powersource or the pump in essence it could be a battery or could be your mainsoutlet in your house but this is what in essence creates the pressure and theflow to get water flying around this pipe system and in essence that pressureand flow ultimately is the electricity flying around this circuit or this pipesystem now on this pipe system as i said we've got these and pressure gauges overhere and these present pressure gauges are measuring the pressure of the water
they don't have to be inside the pipeitself you only need a small little tap into your pipe to actually pick pick upthe pressure now the pressure of the system equatesto your voltage so when we referred to a voltage and a circuit that in essence isthe pressure which is there to push the water or in essence to push theelectricity through your circuit as you can understand and this issomething we're going to cover off probably in the next session where ifyou've got obstacles inside your pi e like a valve or and act hair and theplants or what have you they are going to create a restrictionto the flow of the water around your
circuit and that restriction in essencebig is the resistance so the you need enough pressure to overcome thatresistance they and their those restrictions to allow you to have waterflowing or electricity flowing through your circuit now let's come down to thisdevice over here so if we want to measure the flow ofelectricity through our system or the water flow throughout our pipe system we literally have to then we can't justhave a little simple tap into the pipe to read the pressure as you can in awater hose or what have you you actually have to place something ina little pedal or a to buy a watch heavy
inside the flow of the water to startmeasuring it and it's likewise when we have a multimeter and you want tomeasure current you need to place your multimeter in circuit to do this andit's exactly the same with measuring water you have this pedal in there andthat spins around and that then on a dial gives us the flow now flow ofelectricity equates to the current which is aunt and so there's something quiteimportant to understand let's pretend that i go and close thisvalve over here so that i have no flow of water do you understand that this thispressure gauge over here is still going
to show you a pressure the water ispushing against it's going to be pushing up into that gage you still going tohave pressure that pressure member is voltage so you still have a voltagepotential pushing hard against over here that water pressure when you startopening this valve that starts aligned water flow then when you've got flow you've got current and current is ampsso flow through a circuit is current which is amps so there's somethingimportant also to note about flow when you start talking about flow rate rateimplies time and as soon as you start it adding time to the equation flow ratethen you talking about consumption or
amp hours and this is important becauseagain what we're going to do i'm going to have a practical demonstration nowalso in some of the normal videos i'm going to be posting soon on batteriesand battery testing all these components relate to each other and you will have agood understanding of what i'm doing for that battery testing if you're followingwhat's going on here so the flow rate is basically your flowover time is an amp hour and that is what equates to consumption what you're using if you had a littlebakit catching your water at the end of this and that bucket is filling up thatfeeling of the bakit would equate to
your consumption how much electricityyou're using or how much energy you using also so quiet it's quite quite anice analogy here with using the pipe this closed pipe system with a pump anda valve and pressure gauges and something is measuring the flow it's like an electricity circuit itneeds to be complete it needs to be intact that intactness issomething we would relate to something called continuity and it's off seecontinuity is something that you can use a multimeter to measure now i i'mtalking about a multi me to go and see my my video series on how to use amultimeter for beginners
i then equate a lot of this and how youmeasure these bits and pieces with a multimeter so if you are new to thisthan those videos will help you as well and i'll annotate and with one of those here right so thatgoing back to that continuity you need the pipe intact to lie or waterto flow through the pipe system likewise you need your foot to allowelectricity to flow you need an intact system of conductorsie your electrical wires if you have a break in your electricalwire over here just like--why's you broke the water pipe and the water thewater would in essence start spilling
out and then your plant or you're moreover here would stop working because you wouldn't have water flow now in realityof you cut a while you're not going to see you like electrons flying out theedge hope hopefully but the analogies the same if you break the pipe and thewaters basically flowing and not getting back up through the system then you'renot going to gain to have the water flow to power your mole likewise with the wiring system if youhave a breaking your wiring system the electrons are going to stop flowing yourplants is going to stop working so let's now pretend we have we go back to havinga complete working system
let's go to the ultimate reason we haveelectricity and that's ultimately to power a device and to do work so here as i said we've got this pedalwhich is driving a shaft which is turning and milling stone here which ismilling our flower let's pretend so in essence that equates to an appliancethat you might have in your house now basically if you've got taking theenergy out of the system to apply it that is the work being done by or wateror the work being done by your electricity and that equates to power so there is a closed direct relationshipbetween your pressure your flow and the
work being done and that is a directrelationship between voltage current and power and we'll start looking at this inparticular when we start looking at resistors and ohm's law thoserelationships and how they interact but but from here all i want you tounderstand basically is that the end result and what you're looking for interms of electricity and the flow of electricity is the work being done yourplants being connected to your wiring system which in essence is using powerwhich is a combination of your voltage and your current likewise althoughinnocence in this system a pump let's pretend our pump is pumping our wateraround in a single direction that would
equate to direct current a singledirection and of your electricity flow constant push through the pipe systemnow equally could have you could still get your work done as i was explainingwith a saw cutting the piece of wood if this pump had a piston in it that waspushing backwards and forwards instead of pumping in one direction as you canimagine your pressure gauges would be dancing around going back and forth andthat's exactly in essence what happens with alternating current your voltage isin fluctuating and up and down positive and negative but even thoughyou've got that flow of electricity going back and forth as you can see yourpedal is still going to be flipped
backwards and forwards it's still going to grind your flower atthe end of the day so in electronics and that's why we aregoing to focus after this mainly on direct current because that's what weuse for the most part in electronics but understanding electricity you can seethat direct-current can power things and alternating current which is used inyour house can power things even though it's going back and forth in essencegoing on and off because it it still does work at the end of the day now let's quickly actually discuss whyalternating current is used as opposed
to direct current for your house as i said there's a lot more takes a lotmore energy to for to use direct carrot on a big system once you gettingstocking to the high voltage higher voltages and what have you your losses across a piece of wirebecome far greater with direct current because the amount of energy required topush that constantly in one direction as opposed to back and forth so that's theone reason it takes a lot more energy and your losses are higher you need far thicker wire to make iteasy for the electricity to go through
for direct current then you do alternating current theother the other reason is the reason ac is used is that and you can generatefar higher voltages with alternating current and that's far easier totransmit higher voltage over long distances and then transform that downto a lower voltage and get the current back once you get to a neighborhood oryour house so you can transfer voltage at high voltage at lope at low currentso you don't need thick wise you've got less loss and then you transform thatback to a your normal voltage when you get to your house
ok so let's actually put away from thepaper quickly and have a quick chat about the mains electricity that comesinto your house and the one thing obviously is it you realize a see besides being moreefficient transmitted over a longer distance it's also safer because you've got that pause while it's going back and forthbecause it actually goes through 0 and back again it's safer than dc because dcis constantly honor if you if you touch your collectionelectrocuted by electricity and a see
you've got potential it's gonna kick you and kick your waywhere is dc or grab onto because it's just constantly on any time to clinch upand hold where is ac tends to throw your way so dc will potentially impart far moreenergy into you as well then ac will if you have comparable voltage and currentnow the one interesting thing i discovered and it's something to hireobviously that around the world different countries use differentvoltages and frequencies now the frequency is obviously as i'lldemonstrate is you'll see that that
sinusoidal wave as the energyelectricity is going on and off and that happens at a certain rate now here insouth after we use 220 volts at 50 hertz so 50 times a second the electricity is going through a cycleon and off in the states it's 110 and and at a rate of its 110120 and it's at a rate of 60 hertz so 60 times a second and one of the bigreasons for having the use of 110 or 120 in the states is that it's off see farsay that you've got low you've got a low voltage and thecombination of the voltage and the current because the current supply isstill roughly the same to the normal
household outlet it's roughly 15 or 16 amps same andinside at the same in the state another one interesting thing to note isthere are limitations with that safety factor in the states and that is you getparticularly when it comes to tools which use need more power so the combination of your volts on youramps give you power and you've got less of that in the states from a standard110 outlet and i when we lived in the states for two and a half years i came to realize
as a snack i couldn't quite understandsomething i told her then clicks about not having enough power i i really enjoy drinking cup of tea i'm an englishman even her live insidethat guy enjoy my kapiti and for that reason when we got to the states and wehad to buy our appliances i we went looking for a kittle now thestates i couldn't understand in people's houses why everyone had skittles whichthey put on this stove on a hop on the top of a plate to heat up to heat thewater just didn't make sense to me a cattle makes far more sense just easeit for laughs
switch on it switches of automaticallywhereas a stove doesn't switch off automatically but then i realized generally speakingkettles require a lot of energy a lot of power to work often a cattle will berated to run at 2,300 or 3000 watts and in the states if you look at your howmuch power you can get out of your 110 outlet often it's not enough to drive normalkettles which would find let's stay in south africa so for that reason i realized that's whypeople have to do their heat the water
for their coffee or they are not thatpeople have coffee makers but 14 you'd have something on a stone anyway i dideventually found a kettle but i hunted high and low in the state to find asimple plug-in kettle anyway let's get back to the energiesand examples i'm going to show you what ac looks like and we're going to do a demonstrationwith dc to explain and pressure or voltage between two sources and thisbecomes important when again when we get to the battery testing because to chargea battery you've got a battery with a certainvoltage or a certain holding pressure in
it as a vessel with pressure to chargeyour charger needs to overcome that pressure it's like if you got a vessel with thepressure you got a pipe going into it and you want to push water into that whistle you have to have a greaterpressure pushing to get inside there also is just going to push back likewise charging a battery or chargerhas to be at a greater pressure or greater voltage to charge your batteryequated to pumping filling up a balloon with a when you feel that put blow airinto that balloon
you have to have a greater air pressurein your cheeks to get the end of the blue likewise pumping up aight i'll buy a caror a bicycle you're going to have a certain airpressure in that tire and you have to have a greater pressure that you'repushing in that pump to get a into that tire let's go have a look at some practicalexamples right so let's have a look at our mains electricity here in southafrica i've got this unity ut 81b if you areinterested in it
are there is a little review on it haveyou not seen one before man or annotate that here and basically it's a fairlyuseful device its scope meter its a mix of a multimeter and an oscilloscope so we can get to see wave andelectricity signals basically now what i've done here i've these two probes as you can see icome from i've got a multi strip specially set upwith a connecting block there where i take off the electricity or be verycareful about working with mains i don't i certainly don't and advise youto go get your multimeter and just
willy-nilly sticking the probes intooutlet mains electricity and bite you it can blow things so please be careful right uh-huh i'd rather hope that you'rewatching this example then trying to do this yourself because if you do it wrongand touch things that you shouldn't you can hurt and enjoy yourself that's right as you can see i've got this set tomeasure voltage i've set it to measure ac voltage andwe've gotta figure of around 230 volts and now i'm going to change the mode ofthis so we go into it's a solution
it's kind of scope mode or push the autobutton so that it's sizes things up for us and as you can see there we've got this sinusoidal wave happening so let me just change the period that wesing so what we can see here is a sinusoidal way which is going positivewe got the script in essence is cross hairs here and this is the zero line so this is the voltage going up positiveand then coming back down negative a positive down- and that's thatback-and-forth motion in essence which is being being measured and as you cansee here we've got the voltage and we've
got the frequency here in south africais at 50 hertz and on this meter what you can do so that's the frequency andif you count the we've got the set to 10 milliseconds per division and if youcount the divisions we've got a repeating cycle so their cycle startsthat's half of the cycle and then that's the completed cycle over here it's two divisions that's 20milliseconds that's the . or the time it takes tocomplete a cycle 20 minutes seconds and also you get 50 of those in a second so that is what ac voltage looks likenow i'm not going to concentrate too
much more on ac voltage because i'veseen electronics we want to use dc but i'll show you what dc looks like on ascope right so i've got my variable dc power supply set up in the backgroundits preset at 13 volts i've got a range i can vary that i've got a preset to acertain range of voltage because we're going to do it man demonstration with a battery after that i've got the unity skype meter linked up i've got to set two bolts at the momentit's set on ac summer change it so it's back to dc and then i'm going to nowswitch on the output of and my power
supply and as you can see we'remeasuring showing as a reading of 13.1 volts and obviously as i change that thesetting on the variable power supply you can see the voltage all the pressurechanging now let's go over to the scope so as you can see there's that line astraight line appearing on the skirt now try and getthat so conceived in the reflection and as i vary the voltage you can see thevoltage level being noted there you can see that straight line just going itsheight is changing relative to the zero line but it is dead straight it isconstantly on constantly pushing it is that is direct current
it's not going on and off as we saw withwith ac and that's what a dc and a dc signal looks like on an oscilloscope it is just straight on the whole time okso what have we got here now we're moving over to our battery this is a 12 volt lead acid battery i'vegot it connected up a the positive opcion to the positive and the negativeon to the negative that's the polarity now i've also got myvariable power supply sat here and i've got this what's up meet another what'sup meter car keys actually showing you the voltage or the pressure the voltagepotential that is sitting inside the
battery it's sitting at about twelve point ninenine eight volts at the moment and as you can see here is the meter that alsoshows you with is a flow of electricity measured in amps and that is at zero atthe moment so what i'm going to do i'm going to turn my power supply toroughly match the voltage or the pressure that's sitting in the batteryand then i forget exactly right i'm gonna switch it on now and i've kind ofgot it spot-on right because if you look here
the dial over here the digits over hereshow that basically there is no flow of electricity and likewise there's nothinggoing into the battery because the pressures are the same right so watch what happens as i startto step up the voltage and the pressure as you can see we start to get a flow ofelectricity which is being measured in amps in this case it's milliamps so it's only small you can see there'sthe power supply showing and the me to the what's up meat over here is showingthat there's a flow so because now my voltage or my pressure at this point ishigher than the battery
i can actually start pushing back energyor electricity into the battery as obviously step up that pressure increasethe pressure increase the voltage are likewise in the flow start increasingand i get more flow into the battery as i said just think about the blowing upof the balloon or the pumping up at the tire then if i drop the voltage actually let's just go take it up moreso we can actually get a real representation of now got a kind of thehighest safest pressure that i don't want to push back into this battery andagain an analogy here is that if you blowing up that balloon you think of thewalls of the balloon are are not that
thick if you had to have a very high airpressure pumping into that blue and potentially going to rip and shred thesewalls of the balloon and burst it and likewise it's the same withelectricity if you do things too quickly but i have to higher voltage or whathave you can damage appliances so here has a safe voltage or pressure14.4 volts i've set it up and we're pushing and we've got a flow of electricity at276 milliamp going into the battery and slowly but surely that all bold upbecause we've got a in essence a closed
i closed vessel here in essence with thebattery so it's actually pushing more energy more pressure into it it's pressure is going to build up ieits voltage is going to build up and that will give us an indication or thelevel of energy storage and charge inside the battery now i'm going to do the the other i'mgoing to drop the pressure or the voltage on my power supply and just notewhat happens i'll see we've got a slightly higher we pushed up the pressure in the batteryinstall got a slightly higher pressure
on the on the power supply at the momentbut look what happens as i drop below what the battery is i've got a negativereason reading on my pass by saying effect now what the battery is doingbecause the batteries got a higher pressure or higher voltage than my powersupply it is trying to push electricity backinto the power supply now i liquid basically you can't reallypush power back into the past players not design for that but in essence asyou can see is doing it to a certain extent and that all i want to show isthere is pressure differentials or voltage differentials determine the flowway how electricity is going to flow
that's that will be important certainlyonce we start getting to looking at electric and electronic circuits withthat different power sources and what have you i can it's just look at that in terms ofthis diagram again in in terms of different voltage potentials ofdifferent pressures in the system if i had to pretend that this valve overhere was also a pump but it was pumping in the opposite direction to this pumpyou can understand that whichever pump was pumping had thehighest pumping pressure they would be the one that would be winning
winning the kind of direction in whichthe water would be flowing likewise if you had a second pump airflowing pushing in the same direction you then get another scenario where yougoing to get more higher pressure through the system and once we get downto looking at circuits with parallel and c series power sources and resistors orwhat have you will come back to that analogy to start explaining exactly howthat all hangs together but just you know the important thing to walk awaywith from this session is under is correlating is that fluid dynamics andpipes are very good way to understand how electricity flows and wires and tounderstand that pressure equates to
voltage that your flow is your currentor your amps and it obviously those close to relate to the actual energy andparting to your appliance or whatever you trying to power ok so i hope you gained some value outof that first in the series thanks very much for watching again whati asked you to do is certainly if they're you picked up any mistakes orerrors in that do post comments down below and i'll either annotate orcorrect them with the fallout for the video what have you also have a link tothis video in my forum so that we can build up a series on the form words areeasier to have open discussion it's far
easier at the input from other peoplewho are certainly that's wise than i am and can have had some good value to thisseries and there if you would like to support this work that i'm doing thencertainly what you can do on my website and my you can there you can either makea donation you can be active in the forum i have an amazon store that you canpurchase things from or literally just rating the videos and watching them supports what i do so i doappreciate your participation and let me just watching the videos we willcontinue this series are plant literally
as long as there is support for them i continue and will continue the nextthing we look at is obviously and resistance we started with thecomponents like resistors ohm's law and diodes transistors logic gates and eventhings like the triple five timer and then start putting circuits together andwhat have you so say if you are gaining any value outof this then certainly do subscribe and follow the series and i certainly hopeyou learned something from it thanks very much for watching and i'llcatch you soon for the next one in the series